Hallucinogens
by
Nichols DE.
Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology,
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences,
Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA.
david.e.nichols.l@purdue.edu
Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Feb;101(2):131-81

ABSTRACT

Hallucinogens (psychedelics) are psychoactive substances that powerfully alter perception, mood, and a host of cognitive processes. They are considered physiologically safe and do not produce dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in a variety of sociocultural and ritual contexts. In the 1950s, after the virtually contemporaneous discovery of both serotonin (5-HT) and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), early brain research focused intensely on the possibility that LSD or other hallucinogens had a serotonergic basis of action and reinforced the idea that 5-HT was an important neurotransmitter in brain. These ideas were eventually proven, and today it is believed that hallucinogens stimulate 5-HT(2A) receptors, especially those expressed on neocortical pyramidal cells. Activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors also leads to increased cortical glutamate levels presumably by a presynaptic receptor-mediated release from thalamic afferents. These findings have led to comparisons of the effects of classical hallucinogens with certain aspects of acute psychosis and to a focus on thalamocortical interactions as key to understanding both the action of these substances and the neuroanatomical sites involved in altered states of consciousness (ASC). In vivo brain imaging in humans using [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose has shown that hallucinogens increase prefrontal cortical metabolism, and correlations have been developed between activity in specific brain areas and psychological elements of the ASC produced by hallucinogens. The 5-HT(2A) receptor clearly plays an essential role in cognitive processing, including working memory, and ligands for this receptor may be extremely useful tools for future cognitive neuroscience research. In addition, it appears entirely possible that utility may still emerge for the use of hallucinogens in treating alcoholism, substance abuse, and certain psychiatric disorders.

LSD
Fly agaric
Mescaline
Serotonin
Dopamine
Ayahuasca
Mandragora
Salvia Divinorum
5-MeO-DIPT (Foxy)
Fluoxetine and LSD
Nymphaea Caerulea
Hallucinogen-treated monkeys
Hofmann's LSD: My Problem Child
Hallucinogenic fungi and medicinal herbs
Naturally growing hallucinogens and dissociative agents

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